This book serves as an authoritative resource for ophthalmologists, vitreoretinal surgeons, and trainees seeking to master the latest advancements in retinal and vitreous surgery. The book provides a thorough exploration of both foundational principles and cutting-edge techniques, ensuring readers develop a deep understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and surgical management of retinal disorders. Beginning with a detailed examination of the retina and vitreous, the text covers essential anatomical relationships and biomechanical properties that influence surgical decision-making. The discussion then transitions into the pathophysiology of retinal diseases, offering insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying common vitreoretinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular holes, and age-related macular degeneration. A significant portion of the book is dedicated to modern imaging and diagnostic modalities, emphasizing the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, and ultra-widefield imaging in preoperative planning and postoperative assessment. The importance of operating room setup, instrumentation, and ergonomics is highlighted, ensuring surgeons optimize their environment for precision and efficiency. Advanced visualization tools, including three-dimensional surgical systems and augmented reality overlays, are explored in depth, demonstrating how these technologies enhance surgical accuracy and outcomes. The book meticulously details core vitreoretinal surgical procedures, from standard vitrectomy techniques to complex maneuvers such as membrane peeling, retinectomy, and subretinal hemorrhage management. Special attention is given to anesthesia considerations and patient preparation, addressing both routine and high-risk scenarios. The management of complex and traumatic cases is extensively covered, including strategies for proliferative vitreoretinopathy, giant retinal tears, and ocular trauma, with an emphasis on minimizing complications and maximizing functional recovery.